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	Any progress on OECD Anti-Bribery Convention is in danger of grinding to a halt by Transparency International   In 1999 leaders from OECD countries took supposedly a big step. They committed to holding their companies to account for their behaviour abroad. Until then, bribing abroad to win contracts had largely been tacitly accepted and was even a tax deductible expense in at least 14 OECD countries.   Twelve years on, progress with implementation of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention is in danger of grinding to a halt. For seven years, Transparency International (TI) has monitored how well governments live up to their promises and enforce the OECD Convention. This year’s progress report, for the first time, shows no improvement in the number of countries enforcing the Convention, with the same countries in the same enforcement categories as in last year’s report.   By the end of 2010, the seven countries in the active enforcement category were known to have sanctioned at least 185 individuals and companies, but the other 30 countries, accounting for more than a third of world exports, are only known to have sanctioned 60.   Greater enforcement is badly needed. Bribery takes a heavy toll on developing countries, and on businesses and citizens alike.   Bribing to win business is a short-term strategy. Companies only win contracts as long as they can continue to pay the largest bribe, rather than competing on merit. In a 2008 Ernst & Young survey of more than 1,000 executives, almost one in five claimed to have lost business due to a competitor paying bribes.   Bribery ends up costing the tax payer. Whether for a contract to supply equipment to a hospital, the defence sector or build public infrastructure, TI research shows that corruption can add 20-25 per cent to the costs of government procurement.   In 2011, the OECD celebrates its 50th anniversary. The time is right to push for better anti-bribery enforcement. The OECD needs to increase the pressure on governments, and mobilise the political will needed to move from commitment to action in enforcing the Convention.   Setting a high standard will be important as more countries pledge to take on corruption: Russia and China passed anti-bribery rules this year, and India has ratified the UN Convention against Corruption, which requires prohibition of foreign bribery. (Whether it will be enforced is a completely different matter. As corruption is considered widespread in all 3 countries).   For any OECD Convention to work, companies must know that bribing will not just harm their reputation, but will lead to criminal punishment with heavy fines and jail time. Visit the related web page
	Re-imagining Food Systems in the Midst of a Hunger Crisis by Kanya D''Almeida Inter Press Service   Today one billion people are living in hunger, not because of scarcity of production or a shortage of food on shelves in the global marketplace, but because they "lack the most basic purchasing power needed to acquire it", Olivier De Schutter, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, said Thursday.   Currently, 35-40 percent of harvests are lost due to inadequate transportation and storage facilities, while a further 35-40 percent goes to wealthy Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries.   According to experts like De Schutter, the inability of 10 percent of the world''s population to feed itself is also a reflection of unsustainable patterns of consumption and deeply flawed models of industrialised agricultural production which, if allowed to continue, will divert 50 percent of global cereal harvests towards feeding cattle by the year 2050.   "From the food crisis in 1974, to the crisis in 2007-2008, and even now during the food crisis of 2010-2011, governments have had the same Pavlovian reaction - to increase production in order to lower prices and alleviate the burden of food price inflation on the population," De Schutter said at a panel discussion in Washington.   He added that while the reaction was understandable, it has been undeniably proven to be incomplete, short-sighted and based on an inadequate diagnosis of the complexity of the problem.   "A food system that is increasingly industrialised and commodified is not the only one available to us," he stressed. "We can and must re- imagine other food systems that take numerous social dimensions into account."   Inter-connected crises   In his recent report "Agroecology and the Right to Food", which was presented to the Human Rights Council in March this year, De Schutter outlines the global hunger catastrophe as an amalgamation of three distinct but inherently inter-related problems.   These are poverty, caused by trade policies that dump heavily- subsidised produce from developed countries on third world markets, thus rendering local farmers jobless; environmental degradation brought on by industrialised farming, which now accounts for nearly one-third of global green house gas emissions; and an epidemic of malnutrition caused by the colonising effects of mono-crops and a flood of processed food from the global north to the global south.   Only by examining these three challenges together can a strategy for ending hunger be successfully designed and implemented, he argues.   A study released Friday by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)''s programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) bolstered this argument by identifying future climate change "hotspots" in countries already crippled by severe food shortages and chronic hunger.   By consolidating detailed maps of scores of different agricultural regions across the world, the seven scientists behind the study tracked the impacts of climate change on food security and identified highly-vulnerable populations - principally in Africa and South Asia, with dark clouds hanging over China and parts of Latin America as well - that would suffer the double blows of hunger and environmental crisis.   "When you put these maps together they reveal places around the world where the arrival of stressful growing conditions could be especially disastrous," Polly Ericksen, lead author of the study and a senior scientist at the CGIAR''s International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi, Kenya, told the press in Copenhagen.   "These are areas highly exposed to climate shifts, where survival is strongly linked to the fate of regional crop and livestock yields, and where chronic food problems indicate that farmers are already struggling and they lack the capacity to adapt to new weaather patterns," she said.   Swathes of South Asia, including virtually all of India''s territory and vast areas of sub-Saharan Africa are home to 369 million food- insecure people, all of whom live in climate-vulnerable, agriculture- intensive areas.   Over 56 million hungry and crop-dependent people in West Africa, India and China inhabit areas which, in less than 40 years, will likely experience daily growing season temperatures of 30 degrees Celsius - virtually impossible conditions for essential crops like corn and rice.   Reimagining food systems   In 2006, a team of researchers from the University of Essex carried out a study on "agro-ecological" approaches to farming and development.   Spanning 57 developing countries and 286 different models of sustainable farming techniques in an area covering 37 million hectares - three percent of cultivated land - the study unearthed how low external-input farming that utilized surrounding ecosystems and cyclical practices resulted in a 79 percent yield increase, more than double the average yield under the normalised agricultural system.   Agro-ecology, which includes systems that produce their own fertiliser using materials and waste from the surrounding environment, is being increasingly viewed as the only viable solution to the hunger crisis. Since prices of fertiliser doubled during the 2008 food crisis, continents like Africa that import 95 percent of their chemical fertilisers could see radically different outcomes in production by adopting agro-ecological techniques.   Analysing the data from the 2006 study by region, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) found that in some parts of Africa the yield increase was a stunning 213 percent.   However, De Schutter warned, this agricultural "revolution" will not come about by chance but will require swift and determined government action.   In addition to investing in education, gender-sensitive solutions and public goods and services such as the infrastructure required to nurture farmers'' unions and peasant cooperatives, De Schutter''s recommendations to governments include an urgent appeal to revolutionize markets to reward best-practices rather than short-term profit.   "The market as it exists today is too focused on global supply chains and does not give enough importance to local farmers, and producers of diversified crops," De Schutter told IPS.   "Governments must move away from export-led supply models and reinvest heavily in regional, sustainable food systems."   He added that governments should set solid agendas, which development agencies and private sector actors would align with, that incorporate a cultural shift away from a broken structure and towards a visionary, resilient food future. 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