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	Trafficked Persons deserve effective remedies as victims of rights violations by Joy Ngozi Ezeilo UN Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons   The United Nations Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, has warned that “trafficked persons are often seen as ‘instruments’ of criminal investigation, rather than as holders of rights.”   Concerned about the gap between the law and the practice, the expert reiterated that “as victims of human rights violations, trafficked persons have the right to an effective remedy for harms committed against them.”   “In many States, trafficked persons do not receive remedies in a holistic manner as a matter of right, but are only provided with ad hoc measures which are predominantly aimed at facilitating criminal investigation,” said Ms. Ezeilo during the presentation of her report of the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons* to the UN Human Rights Council.   The independent expert was critical of such ad hoc measures as temporary residence permits contingent upon cooperation with law enforcement authorities and recovery assistance which is in turn tied to temporary residence permits.   “Trafficked persons are rarely known to have received compensation, as they are often not provided with the information, legal and other assistance and residence status necessary to access it,” the Special Rapporteur said.   “At worst, many trafficked persons are wrongly identified as irregular migrants, detained and deported before they have an opportunity to even consider seeking remedies.”   In her report, Ms. Ezeilo recommends -as a first step- that States “ensure that adequate procedures are in place to enable quick and accurate identification of trafficked persons” in order to prevent any misidentification of trafficked persons as irregular migrants and subsequent detention and deportation, which effectively preclude them from seeking compensation.   “States should ensure that trafficked persons are equipped with access to information, free legal aid and other necessary assistance such as interpretation services, and regular residence status during the duration of any legal proceedings,” recommended the Special Rapporteur as a strategy to enhance access to compensation by trafficked persons.   Ms. Ezeilo also advised States to provide trafficked persons with temporary or permanent residence permits as a remedy in itself, “where a safe return to the country of origin is not guaranteed or a return would not otherwise be in the best interests of the trafficked person for reasons related to his or her personal circumstances, such as the loss of citizenship or cultural and social identity in the country of origin.” Visit the related web page
	World is Drowning in Corporate fraud by Jeffrey Sachs Project Syndicate   The world is drowning in corporate fraud, and the problems are probably greatest in rich countries — those with supposedly “good governance.” Poor-country governments probably accept more bribes and commit more offenses, but it is rich countries that host the global companies that carry out the largest offenses. Money talks, and it is corrupting politics and markets all over the world.   Hardly a day passes without a new story of malfeasance. Every Wall Street firm has paid significant fines during the past decade for phony accounting, insider trading, securities fraud, Ponzi schemes, or outright embezzlement by CEOs.   There is, however, scant accountability. Two years after the biggest financial crisis in history, fueled by unscrupulous behavior by the biggest banks on Wall Street, not a single financial leader has faced jail. When companies are fined for malfeasance, their shareholders, not their CEOs and managers, pay the price. The fines are always a tiny fraction of the ill-gotten gains, implying to Wall Street that corrupt practices have a solid rate of return.   Corruption pays in American politics as well. The Florida governor, Rick Scott, was CEO of a major health care company known as Columbia/HCA. The company was charged with defrauding the U.S. government by overbilling for reimbursement, and eventually pled guilty to 14 felonies, paying a fine of $1.7 billion. The FBI’s investigation forced Scott out of his job. But a decade after the company’s guilty pleas, Scott is back as a “free-market” Republican politician.   When President Obama wanted somebody to help with the bailout of the U.S. auto industry, he turned to a Wall Street “fixer,” Steven Rattner, even though Obama knew that Rattner was under investigation for giving kickbacks to government officials. After Rattner finished his work at the White House, he settled the case with a fine of a few million dollars.   Former Vice President Dick Cheney came to the White House after serving as CEO of Halliburton. During his tenure at Halliburton, the firm engaged in illegal bribery of Nigerian officials to enable the company to win access to that country’s oil fields — access worth billions of dollars. When Nigeria’s government charged Halliburton with bribery, the company settled out of court, paying a fine of $35 million. Of course, there were no consequences whatsoever for Cheney.   Impunity is widespread — indeed, most corporate crimes go unnoticed. The few that are noticed typically end with a slap on the wrist, with the company — meaning its shareholders — picking up a modest fine. The real culprits at the top rarely need to worry. Even when firms pay mega-fines, their CEOs remain. The shareholders are so dispersed and powerless that they exercise little control over the management.   Corporate corruption is out of control for two main reasons. First, big companies are now multinational, while governments remain national. Big companies are so financially powerful that governments are afraid to take them on.   Second, companies are the major funders of political campaigns in places like the U.S. Politicians often look the other way when corporate behavior crosses the line. Even if governments try to enforce the law, companies have armies of lawyers to run circles around them.   Reining in corporate crime will be an enormous struggle. Fortunately, the rapid and pervasive flow of information nowadays could act as a kind of deterrent or disinfectant. Corruption thrives in the dark, yet more information than ever comes to light via email and blogs, as well as Facebook, Twitter, and other social networks.   We will also need a new kind of politician leading a new kind of political campaign, one based on free online media rather than paid media. When politicians can emancipate themselves from corporate donations, they will regain the ability to control corporate abuses.   Moreover, we will need to light the dark corners of international finance, especially tax havens like the Cayman Islands and secretive Swiss banks. Tax evasion, kickbacks, illegal payments, bribes, and other illegal transactions flow through these accounts.   The wealth, power, and illegality enabled by this hidden system are now so vast as to threaten the global economy’s legitimacy, especially at a time of unprecedented income inequality and large budget deficits, owing to governments’ inability politically — and sometimes even operationally — to impose taxes on the wealthy.   So the next time you hear about a corruption scandal in Africa or other poor region, ask where it started and who is doing the corrupting. Neither the U.S. nor any other “advanced” country should be pointing the finger at poor countries, for it is often the most powerful global companies that have created the problem.   * Jeffrey Sachs is an Economist and Director of the Earth Institute, Columbia University.
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