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	Markets, morals and civic life by Michael J Sandel The Atlantic, agencies USA   What are the reasons for the impoverished public discourse of our time? And what might a morally invigorated mode of political argument look like?   Almost without realising it, we have drifted from having market economies to becoming market societies. The difference is this: a market economy is a tool — a valuable and effective tool — for organising productive activity. But a market society is a place where almost everything is up for sale.   It is a way of life in which market values seep into social relations and govern every domain.   Why worry about this trend? For two reasons. First, as money looms larger in our societies, affluence, or the lack of it, matters more. If the main advantages of affluence were the ability to afford yachts and fancy vacations, then inequality would matter less than it does today. But as money governs access to education, healthcare, political influence, and safe neighbourhoods, life becomes harder for those of modest means. The marketisation of everything sharpens the sting of inequality.   Second, putting a price on all human activities can be corrupting. Consider voting. No democracies officially permit the buying and selling of votes. To sell my vote would be to degrade it, to corrupt its meaning as an expression of civic duty. But if a market in votes is objectionable because it corrupts democracy, what about systems of campaign finance (including the one currently in place in the US) that give wealthy donors a disproportionate voice in elections? The reason to reject a market in votes — preserving the integrity of democracy — may also be a reason to limit financial contributions to political candidates.   Of course, we often disagree about what counts as “corrupting” or “degrading”. To decide whether we should allow the buying and selling of human organs, for example, or whether we should hire mercenaries to fight our wars, we have to think through hard questions about human dignity and civic responsibility. But this suggests that market reasoning depends on moral reasoning.   The classical economists, going back to Adam Smith, rightly conceived of economics as a branch of moral and political philosophy. But the version of economics commonly taught today presents itself as an autonomous discipline, one that does not pass judgment on how income should be distributed or how this or that good should be valued. The notion that economics is a value-free science has always been questionable. But the more markets extend their reach into noneconomic aspects of life, the more entangled they become with moral questions.   In pluralist societies, we disagree about how to value goods, and so it is tempting to try to resolve our differences without bringing moral argument into politics. But this impulse is a mistake; it has contributed to the empty, hollow public discourse of our time. We should not ask citizens to leave their moral convictions at the door when they enter the public square. Instead, we should embrace a morally more robust public discourse, one that engages rather than avoids the moral convictions that citizens bring to public life.   http://www.justiceharvard.org/watch/ http://www.brennancenter.org/blog/cities-and-states-leading-fight-against-big-money http://www.bostonreview.net/us/stephen-bezruchka-inequality-kills http://www.socialeurope.eu/2015/11/on-social-justice-and-welfare/ http://talkpoverty.org http://robertreich.org/ http://www.bostonreview.net/books-ideas/marshall-steinbaum-zucman-loomis-inequality-globalization Visit the related web page
	Amnesty calls on all parties to the conflict in Syria to end deliberate attacks on civilians by Amnesty International, agencies   June 2015   Amid surging violence in Aleppo, John Ging, Operations Director of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) expressed “outrage” at all attacks against civilians in Syria, as well as indiscriminate attacks.   Briefing UN Security Council members about the recent upsurge of violence in Aleppo and other areas in the country, where “shelling and aerial bombardment, such as the use of barrel bombs, have reportedly been used extensively in recent days, leaving many dead and injured civilians, including children.”   On May 31, at least 70 civilians were killed in Syria’s northern Aleppo province by barrel bombs dropped from government helicopters.   John Ging highlighted that all obligations under international humanitarian law must be respected in all circumstances by all parties, in particular “the obligation to distinguish between civilian populations and combatants, and emphasized the prohibition against indiscriminate attacks, attacks against civilians and civilian objects.”   He reiterated that all parties to the conflict must take all steps necessary to ensure the protection of civilian lives.   May 2015   Sheer terror and unbearable suffering has forced many civilians in the city of Aleppo in Syria to eke out an existence underground to escape the relentless aerial bombardment of opposition-held areas by government forces, according to a new report published by Amnesty International today.   ‘Death everywhere’: War crimes and human rights abuses in Aleppo details the horrendous war crimes and other abuses being committed in the city by government forces and armed opposition groups on a daily basis, and concludes that some of the government’s actions in Aleppo amount to crimes against humanity.   The report paints a particularly distressing picture of the devastation and bloodshed caused by barrel bombs - packed with explosives and metal fragments - which have been dropped by government forces on schools, hospitals, mosques and crowded markets. Many hospitals and schools have sought safety by moving into basements or underground bunkers.   “Widespread atrocities, in particular the vicious and unrelenting aerial bombardment of civilian neighbourhoods by government forces, have made life for civilians in Aleppo increasingly unbearable. These reprehensible and continual strikes on residential areas point to a policy of deliberately and systematically targeting civilians in attacks that constitute war crimes and crimes against humanity,” said Philip Luther, Director of Amnesty International’s Middle East and North Africa Programme.   “By relentlessly and deliberately targeting civilians the Syrian government appears to have adopted a callous policy of collective punishment against the civilian population of Aleppo.”   Attacks using barrel bombs - oil barrels, fuel tanks or gas cylinders packed with explosives, fuel, and metal fragments dropped from helicopters - killed more than 3,000 civilians in Aleppo governorate last year, and more than 11,000 in Syria since 2012. Last month local activists recorded at least 85 barrel bomb attacks in Aleppo city that killed at least 110 civilians. Yet the Syrian government has failed to acknowledge a single civilian casualty caused by such attacks, with President Bashar al-Assad categorically denying that barrel bombs had ever been used by his forces in a media interview in February 2015.   Survivors of the eight barrel bomb attacks documented in this report described harrowing scenes of carnage in the aftermath of the explosions making clear the true horror of these attacks.   “I saw children without heads, body parts everywhere. It was how I imagine hell to be,” a local factory worker said describing the aftermath of an attack on al-Fardous neighbourhood in 2014.   A local surgeon said the level of injuries he had seen caused by barrel bombs was unprecedented: “Barrel bombs are the most horrible and hurtful weapon… [We deal with] multi-trauma, so many amputations, intestines out of the body, it’s too horrible,” he said.   One barrel bomb attack struck a crowded market in the Sukkari neighbourhood in June 2014 while 150 people were waiting in line to receive food baskets from a humanitarian distribution point nearby. An eyewitness described the aftermath of the attack as “pure horror”, saying the attack had targeted civilians: “There was the man who ran the ice-cream shop, the man who ran the sandwich shop, the man who ran the toy store... They were all killed,” he said.   The report also details the terrifying ordeal for civilians living in the shadow of this deadly and persistent threat.   “There is no sun, no fresh air, we can’t go upstairs and there are always airplanes and helicopters in the sky,” said one doctor whose field hospital is among those forced underground.   “We are always nervous, always worried, always looking to the sky,” a teacher from Aleppo told Amnesty International.   Another resident described Aleppo as “the circle of hell”: “The streets are filled with blood. The people who have been killed are not the people who were fighting,” he said.   “The fear and desperation among Aleppo’s civilians is clear. Many feel abandoned and have lost all hope for the future,” said Philip Luther.   “More than a year ago the UN passed a resolution calling for an end to human rights abuses, and specifically barrel bomb attacks, promising there would be consequences if the government failed to comply. Today, the international community has turned its back on Aleppo’s civilians in a cold-hearted display of indifference to an escalating human tragedy.   “Continued inaction is being interpreted by perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity as a sign they can continue to hold the civilians of Aleppo hostage without fear of any retribution. A referral of the situation in Syria to the International Criminal Court would send a signal that those ordering and committing these crimes can be brought to justice and could help stem the spiral of abuses,” said Philip Luther.   In addition to barrel bombs, the report also documents three missile attacks by government forces including a devastating attack on a children’s art exhibition at Ain Jalut School in April 2014.   “I saw things there I can’t describe. There were parts of children, blood everywhere. The bodies were in shreds,” a geography teacher who witnessed the attack said.   Amnesty International is calling on all parties to the conflict in Syria to end deliberate attacks on civilians and civilian buildings or infrastructure, as well as the use of imprecise explosive weapons such as barrel bombs or mortars in populated areas.   Abuses by armed opposition groups   Armed opposition groups in Aleppo also committed war crimes by using imprecise weapons such as mortars and improvised rockets fitted with gas canisters called “hell cannons” in attacks that killed at least 600 civilians in 2014. Residents said attacks by armed opposition groups are often “completely random”. “You never feel secure or safe, ever. You never know – you could be hit at any time,” said one resident of al-Jamaliya neighbourhood.   Torture and other abuses   The report also documents widespread torture, arbitrary detention and abduction by both government forces and armed opposition groups.   One former detainee, a peaceful activist arrested by government forces in 2012 for videotaping a protest, described being forced into a car tyre, beaten with cables that cut into his skin and listening to the screams of others being tortured at night. “Around 5 to 6am, you could hear only the women scream. At 7am, the women stopped, and then you heard the men. The screaming was scheduled,” he said. He was held at Aleppo Central Prison which was shelled by both sides and where hundreds of prisoners were starved and some were summarily executed.   A man held by an armed opposition group in Aleppo described having been severely beaten, given electric shocks and hung from his wrists for extended periods before eventually being released.   Amnesty International is calling on the government to end arbitrary arrests and detention and enforced disappearances, and for armed groups to end abduction of civilians and hostage-taking. All parties must end torture and other ill-treatment and treat all detainees humanely.   Humanitarian access   In addition to enduring brutal attacks from both sides, the people of Aleppo are living in dire conditions and struggle to obtain the most basic supplies including food, medicine, water and electricity. In opposition-held areas food is extremely expensive and residents have resorted to planting their own vegetables as well as rearing rabbits and cats which have become the “fast food in Aleppo”, according to one resident. Amnesty International is calling on all sides to allow unhindered humanitarian access to agencies delivering aid in Aleppo and across Syria.   http://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/05/syrias-circle-of-hell-barrel-bombs-in-aleppo/ http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/03/22/syria-rebels-car-bombs-rockets-kill-civilians http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/IICISyria/Pages/IndependentInternationalCommission.aspx http://www.icrc.org/en/where-we-work/middle-east/syria http://www.ifrc.org/syria-crisis Visit the related web page
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