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	We should be thinking about how to Reform and Strengthen the United Nations by Melita Gabric International Herald Tribune Slovenia   Ljubljana, Slovenia. 19 Sept., 2005   The convergence of the world's leaders on the United Nations in New York last week has put that organization under its annual spotlight, and as usually happens, many have found it wanting. As never before, the United Nations is an embattled institution.   It is therefore worth recalling the still considerable - and irreplaceable - value of the United Nations.   As a citizen of one of Europe's so-called "new" nations (a phrase that handily ignores the fact that Slovenia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Macedonia, Croatia and others are all products of cultures that have existed on their respective territories for just as long as Europe's "great powers"), I and most of my fellow Slovenes can easily remember a time when we, as a nation, simply didn't exist - or at least not so far as the rest of the world was concerned.   We were, as our poet Oton Zupancic once wrote, "doomed to silence in the council of nations."   The world's most powerful nations only rarely have experienced such feelings. Not coincidentally, it is among such nations that the most savage criticisms of the United Nations are most commonly heard. The view from Slovenia, a country that has invested a good deal of effort in its multilateral diplomacy over the last decade, is of course very different.   We were spared the worst of the warfare that accompanied the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 90s. But I still remember witnessing jets of the Serb-controlled Yugoslav Air Force dumping bombs on a national guard installation near my hometown in 1991. The violence of our 10-day independence struggle - insignificant though it may have seemed later in the context of the far greater bloodshed in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo - was a shattering experience.   It was therefore with a mingled sense of relief, accomplishment, disbelief and also pride that most of us watched on television in May 1992 as our flag rose among all the others in front of the United Nations. Slovenes tend to be unsentimental types, but this was a truly incredible sight: Just a year after proclaiming independence, our small country had become 176th member of the world's only joint council.   As US President Harry Truman declared prior to the San Francisco conference in 1945 that brought the United Nations to life, "We all have to recognize, no matter how great our strength, that we must deny ourselves the license to always do as we please." Truman's reasoning reflected the postwar notion that not even the greatest powers can deal unilaterally. On our increasingly interlinked planet, such an idea is surely more, not less, relevant.   So it bears remembering the many things that the United Nations has in fact gotten right, and continues to get right. These include activities ranging from peacekeeping in some of the most violent parts of the world, to humanitarian aid in some of the most desperate, to the adjudication of disputes in some of the most contentious.   These are not easy tasks. In fact they're just about the most intractable imaginable - and, as one might expect, they sometimes fail spectacularly. But they also succeed, with many lives saved. The former scenario, of course, always receives the most attention. But even in the failed cases, at least the attempt was made. And a failed try can at the very least serve as the basis for designing more effective ones in the future.   Contrast this with doing nothing - history's more typical scenario. Perhaps the best way to understand the UN's continuing importance is simply to try imagining a world without it.   We shouldn't kid ourselves: A return to that kind of Hobbesian universe is always possible, and some are even actively working for it. If history is really "a nightmare from which we're trying to awake," as James Joyce had his character Stephen Dedalus observe, then perhaps it's the United Nations, flawed though it may sometimes appear, that remains the most serviceable instrument of that awakening.   We should be thinking about how to reform and strengthen the United Nations, and not diminish or dilute it.   (Melita Gabric is the senior adviser on foreign affairs to the president of Slovenia.)
	On World Summit's second day, UN Reform, Development Goals Top Agenda by United Nations News   15 September 2005   WORLD LEADERS AT GENERAL ASSEMBLY SUMMIT URGED TO PERSEVERE, TAKE BOLD STEPS TO TACKLE URGENT CHALLENGES, AS LIVES OF MILLIONS HANG IN THE BALANCE   Warning that “millions of lives and the hopes of billions” hung in the balance, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan today urged more than 150 world leaders gathered for a summit in New York to take bold steps to remedy the challenges facing the international community, from ensuring collective action to prevent conflict and genocide to protecting human rights, promoting development and battling terrorism.   “We must keep working with determination on the tough issues on which progress is urgent but has not yet been achieved”, he said, opening the General Assembly’s 2005 World Summit, which coincided with the sixtieth anniversary of the Organization. “Because one thing has emerged clearly from the process on which we embarked two years ago: whatever our differences, in our interdependent world, we stand or fall together.”   Mr. Annan charged world leaders to take decisive action by the end of the three-day Summit on the outcome document approved only yesterday evening by the Assembly after weeks of intensive negotiations. The text highlighted the status of the Millennium Development Goals, a set of ambitious targets, ranging from halving extreme poverty, to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and to providing universal primary education, all by 2015, as well as the Secretary-General’s own wide-ranging proposals on United Nations reform.   While noting that the document would have presidents and prime ministers pledge to condemn terrorism in all its forms, protect populations from genocide, fight poverty and hunger, and establish a Peacebuilding Commission and a strengthened human rights body, he lamented the omission of clauses dealing with nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament and Security Council reform.   “We have not yet achieved the sweeping and fundamental reform that I and many others believe is required”, he said, noting sharp differences had played their part in preventing that. He warned that ignoring the basic principles of democracy, human rights and the rule of law for the sake of expediency undermined confidence in collective institutions. “That is why a healthy, effective United Nations is so vital”, he declared.   “If properly utilized, it can be a unique marriage of power and principle, in the service of all the world’s peoples”, he added, stressing the importance of reforming the world body to restore confidence in its “integrity, impartiality and ability to deliver”.   Göran Persson, Prime Minister of Sweden and Co-Chair of the World Summit, citing examples such as Sharm el Sheik, New Orleans and the Niger as challenges facing world leaders today, said that international cooperation should be regarded as part of the national interest. The United Nations, and the approach to collective security, must be adapted to changing circumstances, as it was the prime instrument for effective multilateral solutions and a rule-based international order. At the Summit, leaders had an opportunity to take decisions that might shape international cooperation for years to come.   Leaders did not lack great words or declarations, nor did they lack the capacity to act, he said. Declarations and real actions must be brought much closer together, and it was the political leaders who had to show the way. Leaders must also rise above short-term interests, and invest in the future for generations to come. It was a matter of solidarity —- not just between peoples, nations and continents -— but with children and grandchildren, he concluded.   Picking up that thread, Gabon’s President and Summit Co-Chair El Haji Omar Bongo Ondimba said the outcome of the Summit should not just be another declaration, but a renewed commitment to the collective tackling of the challenges facing the world. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) was a good example of how collective action could be mobilized to achieve good governance, eradicate poverty and combat AIDS, just a few of the many challenges Africa faced.   Concerted efforts were required to build a better world, he said, stressing that peace was impossible without a development component. And development involved urgent issues to be addressed if collective peace and security were to be achieved. Many countries, including in Africa, needed a framework to follow to establish peace and prosperity. Peace, human rights and the rule of law were universal and inseparable. Multilateral mechanisms were needed to ensure and protect the human rights of all and the United Nations was indispensable to ensure the building of a multilateral system that benefited all in a global and interdependent world.   On World Summit's second day, UN reform, development goals top agenda.   The United Nations World Summit, the largest-ever gathering of Heads of State and Government, went into its second day today with leaders stressing the need for UN reform, the fight against terrorism, and further effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to slash a host of socio-economic ills by 2015.   Opening the morning session President Ismail Omar Guellen of Djibouti praised "the catalytic leadership and tenacity" of Secretary-General Kofi Annan in pushing for reform to ensure the UN remain relevant for coming generations and noted the role of the MDGs as a global partnership to reduce poverty, improve health, promote peace and human rights, gender equality and environmental sustainability.   Russian President Vladimir Putin said there was "a need to adjust this Organization to the new historic realities" and said his country "intends to increase its participation both in international crisis response action and in promotion of development and progress." He said terrorism posed the main threat to human rights, freedoms and sustainable development and the UN and its Security Council must be the main centre for coordinating international cooperation.   President Levy Mwanawasa of Zambia called for "collaborative efforts between the developed and developing countries to accelerate global efforts" to achieve the MDGs and applauded recent efforts to provide more resources for development, including debt relief.   Ecuadorian President Alfredo Palacio said the MDGs are "a minimal, not a maximal agenda, a starting point, not the end. This basic commitment must be assumed by all the governments of the world."   President Francois Bozizé of the Central African Republic (CAR) stressed the need for solidarity in the battle against poverty and for more active solidarity among Member States to promote peace, development, security and the rights of man.   President Branko Crvenkovski of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia said his country was strongly committed to the full implementation of the MDGs at the national level and the fight against international terrorism remained among a top priority.   Iraqi President Jalal Talabani joined his voice to the call for reform in a way that strengthens the UN’s role in keeping international security, and also achieves international cooperation in the economic, cultural and social fields. “Iraq is facing one of the most brutal campaigns of terror at the hands of the forces of darkness, he said, adding that the country’s war on terror requires diverse international help.   For his part, President Alyaksandr Lukashenka of Belarus said it was "high time for the UN to put and end to internal corruption scandals and get down in deed to address the anguish and misery of the world."   Chilean President Ricardo Lagos underlined the urgent need to achieve the MDGs and said the Summit's outcome document, while not meeting all expectations, is a starting point on the on the road to changes needed by the UN.   President Yahya Jammeh of Gambia noted that much more need to be done to achieve the MDGs and he hoped that "together we will work towards achieving this noble mission with a strong, reformed and revitalized United Nations at the centre."   President Amadou Toumani Touré of Mali underlined his country's commitment to the MDGs and stressed that five years after the UN Millennium Summit which gave rise to them, and despite progress, large numbers of people in African countries live in extreme poverty.   Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva urged "immediate and courageous steps" to expand the resources available to fight poverty and hunger. "If developed countries attain the required strategic vision, they will realize that this new posture, this additional effort is not only fair; it is absolutely necessary. Otherwise, I fear that international peace and security will remain a mirage," he said.   Seychelles' President James Michel called for a stronger and more effective UN, practical and result-oriented, with less bureaucracy and a new ethics based on a human-centred strategic vision of what development is and advocated the central role of the General Assembly as the chief deliberative policy-making and representative organ.   President Pierre Nkurunziza of Burundi said his country knew it could continue to count on the support of the international community as it recovered from decades of civil conflict and sought to boost its education system and build schools throughout its rural areas.   Chinese President Hu Jintao said the UN, "as the core of the collective security mechanism, plays an irreplaceable role in international cooperation to ensure global security. Such a role can only be strengthened and must not in any way be weakened," he added. The UN should take concrete measures to implement the MDGs, he said, adding that international terrorists, ethnic separatists and religious extremists remain rampant.   San Marino's Captain Regent Antonio Gasperoni said that more than ever the world needs multilateralism and the UN is its best expression. He regretted that development brought by globalization only touched a fragment of the world's population, while the remaining part has solely experienced the most negative impacts.   President Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires of Cape Verde said while perhaps not all the UN's goals and purposes had been attained, everyone was indebted to it. The global community must give priority to perfecting the UN in order to ensure better democratic, participatory and effective governments and to guarantee greater human security.   Mikheil Saakashvili, President of Georgia, said that since his country's "Rose Revolution" democracy was on the rise in the country and internationally, as were development and prosperity. "But neither would be lasting without peace and stability. And for that, a stronger, more effective UN was needed."   President Ludwig Scotty of Nauru stressed the importance of the MDGs and urged development partners and international financial institutions to "understand our dire need."   President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo appealed for a significant increase in funding to help African countries meet the MDGs, and he called for "action while there is still time."   Mongolian President Nambar Enkhbayar declared that for its faults the UN has proved indispensable, preventing wars, feeding the hungry, ending colonialism and helping nations to develop. "The UN is our common house, common cause and common future," he added, stressing "effective multilateralism with the UN at its heart."   South African President Thabo Mbeki charged that there has not been adequate progress in development or UN reform during the last five years, because of "the widely disparate conditions of existence and interests among the Member States of the UN, as well as the gross imbalance of power that define the relationship among these Member States."   Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India, explained the lack of progress another way: "The international community is generous in setting goals, but parsimonious in pursuing them," he said, calling for greater efforts to mobilize the resources necessary to meet the MDGs.   The Ethiopian Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi, then noted that despite the need for greater effort to defeat extreme poverty, "the past five years have in fact demonstrated that even for countries such as Ethiopia, most of the MDGs are demonstrably achievable," given optimum mobilization of domestic and international resources.   The Prime Minister of St. Kitts and Nevis, Denzil Douglas, said failures to achieve the MDGs should not be used to discredit areas where progress is being made, and called for a "resolve to move forward by recommitting to do what is right and in the best interest of the collective agenda of this Organization."   In a similar tone, Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia said that "a global partnership between rich and poor countries should be based on mutual respect and trust, shared responsibilities and transparency."   Tuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa, also renounced any attempt to place blame for failures to achieve the MDGs. Instead, he said, States should "come together to review the past, to take stock of the present and move forward in unity of purpose."   Welcoming many proposals of the outcome document, Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam of Mauritius stressed that emphasis should be placed on promoting trade as an engine for growth and development.   At the same time, Prime Minister Pakalitha Bethuel Mosisili of Lesotho hoped that the Summit "will give HIV and AIDS the same level of attention and concern as it does to global security."   Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Prime Minister of Turkey, said to relieve suffering due to disease, poverty and war, it was crucial to strengthen the UN. He announced his country's candidacy for a non-permanent seat on the Security Council for the 2009-2010 term.   Jiff Paroubek, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic said that in terms of moral imperatives, "there can be no question as to whether this Summit should deal with development or with security – it must tackle both."   "An extraordinary effort" on both fronts is needed in order for Africa to succeed in meeting the MDGs, according to Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark, and a reformed UN is crucial to facilitate that effort.   However, according to Prime Minister Percival James Patterson of Jamaica, "the most important reform is not in the institutions and structures. It is the policies and actions of Member States which determine our success or failure."   Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi affirmed that the UN's efforts must be backed up by a consensus of member States, and active participation in peacekeeping missions to counteract the dire effects of conflicts.   From the experience of his country in meeting MDGs ahead of time, Kuwaiti Prime Minister Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, concluded "it will be our collective wisdom and determination that will help us forge ahead in shaping a better future."   Describing the difficulties and possibilities brought about by the disengagement from Gaza, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon of Israel voiced hope that the "60th anniversary of the UN would bring a fundamental change and improvement in the approach of the United Nations, its organizations and institutions, towards the State of Israel."   Guinean Prime Minister Cellou Dalein Diallo said his country had resolutely committed to attaining the MDGs but progress was stalled by continued instability in the area and erratic aid flows. Increased resources and debt relief were therefore needed.   French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin then appealed for "an Organization that mobilizes the determination and energy of one and all" to combat terrorism. Operational cooperation was important, he said, but "complying with the rule of law and setting a democratic example are our best weapons."   Finally, Foreign Minister Petrus Compton of Saint Lucia noted the emergencies that have deflected resources and energy from achieving the MDGs, and Foreign Minister Vuk Draskovic of Serbia and Montenegro "fully supported the concept of a new collective security, ban on nuclear arms proliferation, production, trade and use and the establishment of a Peace-building Commission, Human Rights Council and Natural Disaster Relief and Environment Protection Funds" to achieve the development Goals.
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